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<h1 class="pageheader">Trends in CO<sub>2</sub>, CH<sub>4</sub>, N<sub>2</sub>O, SF<sub>6</sub></h1>

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   <div class="card-body">
	
		<h3>Monthly Average Mauna Loa CO<sub>2</sub></h3>
		<div class='text-center m-3'>
		   <div class='colored_box seagreen-bg'>
			<table>
  <tr>
    <td> August 2026: &nbsp; &nbsp; </td>
    <td> 427.55 ppm </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td> August 2025: &nbsp; &nbsp; </td>
    <td> 425.48 ppm </td>
  </tr>
</table>
<span>Last updated: Sep 05, 2026</span>

		   </div>
		</div>

<div class="row mb-3">
    <div class="col-md-6">
		<IMG class="img-fluid" src="/webdata/ccgg/trends/co2_trend_mlo.png" alt="CO2 Trend for Mauna Loa">
		<p>
		<a class="imgleft" href="/webdata/ccgg/trends/co2_trend_mlo.png" title='Click for PNG'>PNG Version</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;
		<a class="pdfleft" href="/webdata/ccgg/trends/co2_trend_mlo.pdf" title='Click for PDF'>PDF Version</a>
		</p>

    </div>
    <div class="col-md-6">
                <img class="img-fluid" src='/webdata/ccgg/trends/co2_data_mlo.png' border=0 alt="Mauna Loa CO2">
                <p>
                <a class="imgleft" href="/webdata/ccgg/trends/co2_data_mlo.png" title='Click for PNG'>PNG Version</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;
                <a class="pdfleft" href="/webdata/ccgg/trends/co2_data_mlo.pdf" title='Click for PDF'>PDF Version</a>
                </p>
    </div>
</div>


		<p>
		      The graphs show monthly mean carbon dioxide measured at Mauna Loa Observatory, Hawaii.
		      The carbon dioxide data on Mauna 
		      Loa constitute the longest record of direct measurements of CO<sub>2</sub> in the 
		      atmosphere. They were started by C. David Keeling of the Scripps Institution 
		      of Oceanography in March of 1958 at a facility of the National Oceanic and 
		      Atmospheric Administration <i>[Keeling, 1976]</i>. NOAA started its own CO<sub>2</sub> 
		      measurements in May of 1974, and they have run in parallel with those made by 
		      Scripps since then <i>[Thoning, 1989]</i>.
		</p>

		<p>
		      The last five complete years of the Mauna Loa CO<sub>2</sub> record plus the current year 
		      are shown in the first graph. The full record of combined Scripps data and NOAA data is shown in the second graph.
		      
		      Every monthly mean is the average of daily means, which are in 
		      turn based on hourly averages, but only for those hours during which “background” conditions 
		      prevail (see <a href="/ccgg/about/co2_measurements.html">gml.noaa.gov/ccgg/about/co2_measurements.html</a> for more information). 
		</p>

		<p>
		      The <span class='lightred'><b>red</b></span> lines and symbols represent the monthly mean values, 
		      centered on the middle of each month. The <b>black</b> lines and symbols represent the same, 
		      after correction for the average seasonal cycle. The latter is determined as a moving average of 
		      SEVEN adjacent seasonal cycles centered on the month to be corrected, except for the first and 
		      last THREE and one-half years of the record, where the seasonal cycle has been averaged over the 
		      first and last SEVEN years, respectively.
		</p>
		      
		<p>
		      The vertical bars on the <b>black</b> lines of the first graph show the uncertainty 
		      of each monthly mean based on the observed variability of CO<sub>2</sub> in different weather 
		      systems as they go past the top of Mauna Loa. This is manifest in the deviations of daily means 
		      from a smooth curve that follows the seasonal cycle <i>[Thoning, 1989]</i>. We take into account 
		      that successive daily means are not fully independent, the CO<sub>2</sub> deviation on most days 
		      has some similarity to that of the previous day. If there is a missing month, its interpolated 
		      value is shown in blue.
		</p>

		<p>
		      The last year of data are still <span class='lightred bold'>preliminary</span>, pending recalibrations of 
		      reference gases and other quality control checks.  
		      Data are reported as a dry air mole fraction defined as the number of molecules of 
		      carbon dioxide divided by the number of all molecules in air, including CO<SUB>2</SUB> 
		      itself, after water vapor has been removed.  The mole fraction is expressed as parts per million (ppm).
		      Example:  0.000400 is expressed as 400 ppm. 
		</p>

		<p>
		      The Mauna Loa data are being obtained at an altitude of 3400 m in the northern subtropics, and may not be
		      the same as the <A href='global.html#global'><B>globally averaged CO<SUB>2</SUB> concentration at the surface</B></A>.  
		</p>


   </div>



    <div class='alert highlightx'> NOTE: Due to the eruption of the Mauna Loa Volcano, measurements from Mauna Loa Observatory were suspended as of Nov. 29, 2022. Observations from December 2022 to July 4, 2023 are from a <a href="https://www.noaa.gov/news-release/university-of-hawaii-noaa-to-gather-climate-change-data-following-mauna-loa-eruption">site at the Maunakea Observatories</a>, approximately 21 miles north of the Mauna Loa Observatory. Mauna Loa observations resumed in July 2023.</div>

<!--
<ul class='mb-4' style='line-height: 1.6'>
        <li>
NOTE: Starting Feb. 10, 2021, the CO<sub>2</sub> data are now on the WMO X2019 scale.  Read about the  <a href="/ccl/co2_scale.html">CO<sub>2</sub> Scale</a> for more details.
        </li>
        <li>
                <a href='/ccgg/covid2.html'>
                Can we see a change in the CO2 record because of COVID-19?</a>
        </li>
</ul>

-->


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